Assessing the Zara brands success worldwide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4865 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Fashion Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Zara is one of the most well known brands in the world and is also one of the largest international fashion companies. They are the third largest brand in the garment industry and are a unit of Inditex. It their flagship range of chain stores and are headquartered in Spain. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing the Zara brands success worldwide" essay for you Create order Zara opened its first outlet in Spain in 1975. The headquarters of the company is based in Galicia. There are more than 2600 stores across 73 countries in the world. The Zara clothing line accounts for a huge bulk of its parent groups revenues. There are other clothing brands owned by Inditex such as Kiddy ´s Class (childrens fashion), Pull and Bear (youth casual clothes), Massimo Dutti (quality and conventional fashion), Bershka (avant-garde clothing), Stradivarius (trendy garments for young woman), Oysho (undergarment chain) and Zara Home (household textiles). Inditex owns all Zara outlets except for places where they are not allowed ownership of stores (thats where Franchises step in). Zara is renowned for coming up with products on a short timescale instead of taking forever. They are known for taking around 2 weeks to develop products and have been known to come up with around 10,000 new designs every year (which is an industry record). They have bucked the trend by ma king productions in Europe instead of shifting their entire production to Third World or Developing countries. However some of their clothes are manufactured in parts of Asia due to the fact that they have a longer shelf life. They make most of their own products inside Spain or other European Countries as they own a large number of factories in both Spain and Portugal. They also dont have to depend on anyone else as they can get everything done by themselves. Zara is unique in the way that it does not spend money on marketing and instead concentrates on opening new stores instead. Their brave experiments have led them to be labeled as one of the most innovative retailers in the world. Zara started out with low priced products which were pale imitations of high end fashion products. This move led to Zara being a smashing success and allowed them to expand by opening more stores in Spain. The company management also managed to reduce the time it took to create new designs and c ame up with the term instant fashions which allowed them to capitalize on new trends really fast. Zara is known to use teams of designers instead of individuals. Zara has to face a lot of competition from HM, Gap and Bentton internationally. Fortunately Zara is considered to be more fashionable than the rest of the brands despite the fact that its price is less than Benetton and Gap. HM is still cheaper than Zara but is equally fashionable as Zara. Gap and Benetton are less fashionable and more pricy. SWOT Analysis Strengths Zaras biggest strength is the fact that it provides cost leadership strategy by aiming at efficiency and cost reduction on products. There is a lot of efficiency merely due to the fact that products are put on fast track and costs are kept really low. They dont take a long time to come up with new collections. Zara is able to come up with collections really fast (around 2 weeks to get a collection ready). Zara focuses on what its customers want and thats why they have managed to do so well. They are able to get the opinions of its customers on a daily basis. The data is sent over to the headquarters where it is analyzed. This is a great way of saving time and helps them understand what sort of trends to follow. Since it does not take them a long time to come up with products they are able to cash in on the trends. They are also able to design, manufacture and send out the new products in less than 2 weeks. They are also very efficient when it comes to delivery of the products. Zara employs a huge team of designers who are able to design the clothes they require. Most of these designers are fresh out of Fashion schools and are able to do more for less. Most of the clothes manufactured are made in Spain and there is no need for outsourcing. Zara manufactures and distributes its clothes so it manages to cut out the middle man. This is one reason why they are able to get clothes out there so fast. They also have a great Information technology solution in place which allows for decentralized decision making. Weaknesses Zara does not spend any money on marketing or advertising. This is a huge weakness for them as its competitors spend a lot of money on advertising. Zara relies on goodwill and word of mouth so that people can shop at their stores. This is a weakness which can be exploited in the future by its competitors. Another weakness is the fact that Zara only has one manufacturing and distribution centre in the world. This is a double edged sword as it is both a weakness and strength. The fact that they have a huge distribution centre makes it an asset but then if it is hit by some sort of natural disaster or some logistical problem then it can have an adverse effect on its revenues. Opportunities There are a lot of opportunities for Zara lying ahead. They need to expand their presence in the USA where they face competition from the likes of GAP. They only have around 49 stores in the US which is not bad but then based on the size of the US that is equivalent to around one store per state. In comparison there are more than 300 stores in Spain which is a fraction of the size of the US. They may have conquered Europe but they still need to expand into the US market so they can give Gap a run for its money. They can grow properly if they expand their presence in the US. Zara is only going for markets where it is doing well such as Italy. However there is a huge opportunity for them to tap into the Indian market. The Indian Economy is doing really well and people over there love to buy good quality brand names at a reasonable price. Zara already has 2 outlets in India but then it wouldnt hurt to expand a bit more and form alliances with local manufacturers. This will make it easier for them to slowly grow within the Indian market. Threats The biggest threat facing Zara is the fact that it is Europe Based. Zara is based in Spain and has a huge number of stores in Europe. Critics believe that there is an over saturation of stores in Europe and that having such a huge number of stores will dent the revenues over the longer term. The other reason is the fact that the Euro tends to be stronger than the Dollar. This is one reason why merchandise from Zara tends to be more expensive in other countries. This can be a big turn off and can have an adverse effect on their revenues in the longer term. Porters Five Forces Porters Five Forces allows us to look at the five forces which help us determine the competitive intensity and the attractiveness of a market. Some of these forces are related to competition from external sources while the rest are internal threats. These are basically all related to the macro environment. The various Forces are threat of substitute products, the threat of established rivals, the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of customers. Porters Five Forces Analysis Threat of Competitors Zara faces a lot of competition in the market. There are a large number of competitors in the market such as HM, Benetton, Gap, etc. Fortunately The high level of competition makes it tough for everyone as they are all struggling to get a piece of the pie . The biggest problem is that due to the large number of competitors the growth rate is low due to the number of manufacturers around. The clothing industry has peaked and it is very difficult for people to stay in the industry as the competition is cut throat. Customers are spoiled for choice due to the number of brands within the market. They are also very fickle minded and base their buying habits on the basis of new trends. They will only buy based on price and brand recognition and this is why the manufacturers have to keep changing what they do and come up with new ways of gaining customers. The costs of manufacturing new goods are quite high plus it is not easy to procure raw material so thats why the ones who have the reso urces and the ability to do so are able to survive within the market. Threat of New Entrants There is always the threat of new entrants but then the risk is not so much as Zara already has a huge presence in most parts of the world. The barriers for entry for distribution are quite low in Spain ( where the bulk of their clothes come from.) New entrants will have it easy as the cost of distribution is quite low as they only need to rent a shop and need a bit of capital to start out. However when it comes to manufacturing then the barriers of entry are really high mainly due to the fact that it requires a huge investment to get started within the market. Substitutes There is no threat of substitutes as it is a basic necessity for everyone. Customers Bargaining Power Customers have varying levels of bargaining power as they can decide what they want. Customers are quite fickle when it comes to buying clothes. However the good thing is that each customer has a love purchase volume and that means that even if some tend to change their brand there will still be some who will buy Zara. It is not an item like a burger or a snack which is available easily anywhere for a low price. The good thing about the clothing business is that there is no risk nonpayment because customers pay for clothes during purchase. Supplier Negotiation Power There are too many suppliers in the market which is one reason why the suppliers dont have much negotiating power. The fact that Zara procures or makes most of the stuff itself is also another factor which doesnt work in the suppliers favor. If the supplier decides to cut down the supplies the manufacturer can easily go to another manufacturer. PEST Analysis The PEST analysis is a study of the environment before a company begins its marketing process. It is a study of the external macro environment. It stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and is an environmental scanning component of strategic management ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Political The political factors affecting Zara are when the government intervenes into the economy and comes up with laws which change the way things are done in the country. The government can easily change its policy and change the ways a business can operate in the country. They can change the laws and do drastic things like changing the interest rate. Zara needs to know the entire system and to be prepared for any potential problems it can face from the government due to a change in policies. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Economical Economic factors come into play as they are related to factors such as interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflat ion and exchange rates. These have the potential to create many problems in the future. There are different duties and levels of tariffs in different countries and this can cause the prices of products to vary in different countries. The price of goods will also vary based on the country of origin and thats what Zara needs to keep in mind. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Social If there are Changes in social trends it will have a huge impact on the demand for Zaras products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. However that is not likely to happen as its not as if Zara makes niche products. They focus on a huge market and make different types of products so it is quite unlikely that there will be a social shift in this part. However the company still needs to work on trends and to make sure its updated with the times so that it can satisfy its customers and meet the demands of its demographics. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Technology Due to advances in technology companies have to make sure that they keep up. Zara has to make sure that they have the latest technology and that they are innovative in every way. The more advanced the technology the more it can bring about some quality. Zara has invested in technology and it has to keep improvising because if they dont then their competitors will get a head start on them. Part 2: Zara is the biggest contributor towards Inditexs profits. Its the most well known brand in the group and has played a huge role in the growth of the group as well as bringing about huge sales and profits. Zaras success has brought about a large number of case studies and reports. It has consolidated its position in the fashion industry and has made a good name for itself. Zaras business model is basically based on the principle that it can sell medium quality fashion clothing at affordable prices. Basically vertical integration and the ability to come up with a quick-response is a key factor to Z aras successful business model otherwise they would be no where without it. The process for Zara has been designed in such a way that it has the various functions within the business system such as designing, sourcing and manufacturing, distribution and retailing. They do all of these themselves and that is one reason why their growth is at a good rate. However what goes up must come down and Zara is not immune to the problems in the world. The way they operate can also prove to be their undoing due to the model they are currently utilizing. The fact that they have their own distribution centre and manufacturing unit is a very weak point. This can be discussed further in this document. The management at Zara have come up four fundamental success factors: short cycle time for creation of product, small quantity per product (and not too much of the same stock) , extensive variety of product every season (so that users can choose easily) as well as a huge investment in information a nd communication technology to allow them to stay on track . Zara knows what its customers want by tracking their preferences on a year round basis. They have their own team of designers who have been recruited fresh out of fashion school. It is not a tough job to tell them what they want based on the input they receive. They make around a limited quantity of clothes based on the 11000 various items designed by its in-house staff. Zara does not make any losses as they only order a limited quantity of each item which they believe is stylish and will be more restricted season wise. For example if they have miniskirts in design they will only be available for a short time due to the short summer period in Europe. Other clothes which can work the year around and for which the trend does not change are outsourced to Asia as the cost wont be so high. The outsourcing operation is very handy mainly because these clothes have a longer shelf life. It does not take a long time for the cloth es to be prepared as it merely takes around 4 weeks total for the whole process : from design to the finished product in the stores. The fact that Zara knows what sort of trends are there in the market and are quick enough to change their strategy to match the trends in the fashion industry gives them a huge advantage. They are able to modify their timetable easily to adjust for a change in the trends in the market. Normally it takes around 8 to 12 months for any normal retailer to forecast trends and come up with a style and send it for production. They are unable to match what Zara does and they end up losing big time. Even if a style fails to sell much, Zara can easily sell the clothes on a discount. The fact that they quantity of clothes manufactured was so low that they lose much. Their low volume strategy has helped them have a very low number of discount sales every year as compared to a high rate for the rest of the industry. However this leads to higher costs which is a disadvantage but then they dont have to worry about having higher inventories. This method allows for a low inventory and high profit margins. They dont save any money here with costs but then they get the maximum out of their clothing line. A problem they face is the fact that since Zara controls everything it is not easy for them to expand or relocate as they have to stay put in one place or the whole operation will suffer and the goods will cost more to distribute. Zaras business model is wonderful in the sense that it has a very fashion forward line as they know which trends to cash in on. They seem to have the midas touch of turning everything into gold. Their policy is to have a mostly young and fashion conscious staff so that they will also be able to double as trend setters. If for instance a certain item in a store sells well then the management decides to sell the same item in other locations as well. The key is that most of the items are in short supply and people p resume that there is a shortage of items which ends up making consumers want to buy more. A key factor in Zaras success is the fact that it has sourced its products from the right places. They have based their procurement offices in a couple of fashionable cities in the world. This allows them to witness the trends first hand and then to quickly come up with a solution of their own. They dont buy all the raw products on their own as they use one of their parent groups procurement units to do all its purchasing. One clever move on their part is that they buy most of their fabric in grey so that there is greater flexibility. It doesnt take long for the fabric to be prepared. The main distribution artery is in Spain where they have their biggest distribution centre. They also have some smaller distribution centers in countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The problem with the distribution centre is that it is purely based in Spain and does not have the capacity for a hea vy load. It is a huge distribution centre and occupies around 500,000 square feet in total. They only have the capability of processing around 60,000 folded garments in an hour. They need to find a new distribution centre or increase their operations so that they can save more time. However the biggest advantage for them is the fact that they have vertical integration which allows them to manufacture and distribute their own stuff without having to be at the mercy of any supplier. It is not tough to move any of their products as they have their own railway network which allows them to move goods easily to its distribution centre. Once the goods are ready they are shipped out immediately though the shipping schedule is only twice a week. European stores get their goods early (around 24-36 hours) while other destinations get them within 2 days. This system has allowed them to achieve a very high level of accuracy in its shipments. The other good thing is that the outlets dont take lon g to display the new outfits once they reach their destination and this allows them to show new stock to their customers. The clothes are also coded according to their color so that the staff knows where to place them. This makes it easier for the customers to go around color matching the items they want to buy. Problems with Zara Zara is facing a large number of issues which can cause them a number of problems in the future. Despite the fact that Zara has a consistent business system which gives them a competitive advantage it is always in the danger of tanking badly. Zaras biggest advantage is the fact that its economies of scale are really good and that they have been able to ramp up their distribution system. The continued growth is good for them in every way. They have been helped a lot by their expansion in the international market. However their growth in the international market will be curtailed due to the reason that Zara has a very centralized logistics model. It is understandable that Zara has to expand its distribution centers and to increase its capacity. Zara has its main distribution centre in Spain and it wont be easy going trying to expand when their base is only in Spain. This will affect their plans to go international and to target more regions. They cant simply survive with a Europea n presence alone. It is true that they do have a presence in other countries but then it is not as much as it should be. They have a huge presence in Spain but quite limited when it comes to other countries. They can easily target the North American region where they dont have much of a presence compared to the huge size of the region. The problem is that there are a lot of outlets there and a lot of competition coupled with the need for plus sized clothing, high cost of operations and a very mature market. Zara needs to come up with a strategy so they can compete very aggressively over there. They can also target South America but the problem is that it is not a very stable region and any geopolitical problems can lead to profits being low. A good market would be the ever reliable Middle East where Zara already has a small presence. However with talks of revolution in the air and other geo political problems it can be a risky bet. There are a few countries in the region which will lead it to be profitable but then the market is small compared to other regions. They can easily opt for countries such as the South East Asian markets and South Asia which have a lot of potential. Recommendations Zara can easily go around and expand its operations in many ways. The best thing would be to take it easy for the short term and to go for further expansion in Europe. Spain and Italy are neighbors and the fact that Zara has its main distribution centre in Spain will make it easy for Zara. For the time being they dont need to open any more distribution centers as they can work with regions which are quite near in proximity to them. Italy is one of the most fashion savy countries in Europe along with France. Zara already has 70 plus stores in the country but then they can do a lot better. They can enhance their presence in the market and try and take some share from some of its know rivals such as Benetton and HM. the biggest way for Zara to expand is to try and open another Distribution Centre in Eastern Europe and to be able to expand its operations in Eastern Europe. A number of countries are coming into the European Union and are ripe for the picking. They already have a presenc e in some countries but the number of stores per region is not as much as it should be. Zara should expand further in the Asian markets once they have been able to do their bit in Europe. They have already tested the waters in Asia despite the fact that there is a lot of competition from local vendors there. However the fact that people in the developing countries and with surging economies will be sure to try out Foreign brands and that would be one reason why its a good idea to expand further in Asia. The only problem is that Zara is based in Spain and that all their designs come from that region. The fact that they make items in limited quantities ensuring a low inventory will scuttle their plans to expand easily. If Zara decentralizes its manufacturing policy it can easily set up its own operations and distribution centre in Asia. It wont be easy as they will still have to procure items via local vendors. If they are unable to create a distribution centre in Asia they can sti ll create a larger upscale distribution centre in Spain where they are able to take the load of supplying to a larger number of stores. In this way they will be able to keep up with the demand and supply. This will help in the growth of the company and allow them to face challenges. It wouldnt be a bad idea to expand in the US market in the long term even if it is not so friendly towards European labels. Competitors such as Benetton and HM have faced problems with the US market in the past. However Zara has the resources and the ability to be able to expand within the market. They can expand easily in the US market only if they manage to curb their costs which are quite high at the moment. They also need to invest in a proper high end IT system which can help them go with the trends. They will not have the advantage of the system they have in Spain as its a totally different ball game over there. There will be different political and economic circumstances which will dictate t he way they do everything. It wont be easy to change their entire business model just for another region. This would mean that they have to decentralize the way they work so that they can work in the US. They would have to establish a distribution centre in Mexico or another cheaper place so that they can cater to the needs. The cost of labor wont be so much but the fact that it is decentralized and not under the control of the Spanish HQ. On the bright side it will be cheaper to ship products and the tariffs will be low. This will allow them to save a lot on costs and they will be able to keep their prices the same way they are in the origin countries. They will also be able to enjoy greater margins in this way. They will also be able to resolve other matters such as retailing overcapacity, less fashion-forwardness, need for larger sizes, and considerable internal variation. Risks The risks associated with expanding overseas are that it will require a lot of capital. They need to establish new facilities and it is not an easy task. They have to do a number of studies and research the market properly before they go ahead. It wont be an easy feat setting up everything from scratch. They will also have to train people the way they operate in Spain. However they can still keep the design and procurement process centralized as technology will allow their units to do what they want. Its just the units which need to be decentralized. There is the huge possibility that they will face a number of obstacles and losses before they can actually do something. The only problem is that they will face problems with their margin while they are at it. They will have to face increased costs and will have to pass on the buck to consumers so that their bottom line is not affected. Hypothetically they can also opt for joint ventures or franchising if they dont want to go and e xpand in the US. The only problem is that joint ventures and franchises dont always pan out as required. It can create problems for their brand name and can cause many unforeseen problems in the future. It is never a good idea to give out a franchise or work in a joint venture unless there is synergy between the two partners. Conclusion In the end it is highly recommended that Zara keep its house and affairs in order before they can think of expansion. Due to the environmental factors and the fact that the Euro Zone will not always be so stable should shake it out of its comfort zone. Expansion is the key but they have to play their cards right and plan their move properly before they end up making some costly mistakes.

A Farewell To Arms And The Lottery By Shirley Jackson

Kelly Warner 29 September 2017 EN 234 – Introduction to Fiction Setting and Symbolism In the novel â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† by Ernest Hemingway and the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, there are distinct similarities and differences in the setting and symbolism used throughout. In order to see what the authors are trying to say, from time to time, you have to look deeper into the facts in the writing and analyze. Both of these stories are extremely stimulating, while still being heartbreaking. The styles that these stories have make you as a reader see things differently in your own life and your own experiences. If you look at the similarities in these two stories, it is apparent that both of the authors use weather to†¦show more content†¦The weather also had meaningful symbolism in both of the stories that led to the plot and conclusion of the story. The rain in â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† has more meaning than what we initially read. Rain symbolized death. If you look at the first chapter, it reads, â€Å"In the fal l when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks blank with rain; the vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with autumn† (Hemingway, 4). There was an outbreak of fatal illnesses that killed seven thousand people, â€Å"At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera† (Hemingway, 7). Later on, Catherine tells Henry â€Å"I’m afraid of the rain because sometimes I see myself dead in it; and sometimes I see you dead in it† (Hemingway, 107). â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† and â€Å"The Lottery† both use religion as a form of symbolism. Henry describes the priest’s home of Abruzzi as a â€Å"place where the roads were frozen and hard as iron, where it was clear and cod and dry and the snow was dry and powdery† (Hemingway, 116). Even though the story showed glimpses of hope, Henry said â€Å"I bel ieved that life was a tragedy and knew it could only have one end† (Merrill). The author of â€Å"The Lottery† was a Christian woman, so I can see why the critic Helen Nebeker argued that â€Å"the three legs of theShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1149 Words   |  5 Pagesutilize their original purpose- or becoming outdated. In â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, she highlights the detrimental causes of what happens when a tradition is continued, and the original history is forgotten. There are many traditions that are no longer followed today because they no longer serve a purpose, but in â€Å"The Lottery,† the outdated tradition is still being followed by the community. Due to the brutality of â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson warns of the consequences of simply following something justRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson, born on December 14, 1916, devotes much of her life to the writing of short stories and novels. Some of these include The Sundial, The Haunting of Hill House, and We Have Always Lived in the Castle. Jacksons stories, inspiring and influential to most, are also controversial to some. Her most controversial story, published in 1948 in The New Yorker, is The Lottery. The purpose for the writing of the story varies depending upon the reader, but some might say that it expressesRead More Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Inhumanity Exposed1161 Words   |  5 Pages Inhumanity Exposed in The Lottery nbsp; The story entitled The Lottery, written by Shirley Jackson is an intriguing and shocking parable. The Lottery is set in a small village on a clear summer day. Written in objective third person point of view, The Lottery keeps the reader in suspense as the story progresses. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The story begins June 27th on a clear and sunnyfull-summer day. From the very beginning, irony occurs in the storyRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesRichard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean

What Are The Fuels For The Future Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(18) " is a lung thorn\." All of the fossil fuels in being today were created 1000000s of twelvemonth ago when aquatic workss and animate beings were burried and compressed by beds of deposit at the bottem of swamps and seas. Over clip this organic affair was converted by bacterial decay and force per unit area to crude oil ( oil ) , gas, and coal, which are heavly dependant on in todays socity, nevertheless these nonrenwable engery beginnings are consuming. Figure n gives the per centum of the entire energy consumed in the Earth from verious beginnings. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Fuels For The Future Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Together, fossil fuels account for about 90 % of the sum. Part 1 Non renewable fuels used in vehicles: Propane LPG or liquefied propane gas is a three C methane series, normally in a gas signifier but can be compressed into a movable liquid. This fuel is formed as a reverberation from other crude oil merchandises throughout the natural gas or oil processing and is drawn from the fossil fuels. Most motors, barbeques, centered warming and oxy-gas torches use this fuel ( Serra 2006 ) .Propane and butane are the chief hydrocarbons in LPG When LPG is wholly combusted it has a inclination to act like other methane seriess. Complete burning will merely happen if the ratio of air to fuel contains precisely plenty air to wholly fire all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture. When propane and butane are wholly burned it will bring forth H2O and C dioxide. Propane C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat Propane + O C dioxide + H2O Butane C4H10 + 6.5 O2  ® 4 CO2 + 5 H2O Butane + Oxygen C dioxide + H2O However when an improper stoichiometric mixture is present, uncomplete burning occurs. This can bring forth C monoxide, a deathly merchandise. Propane 2 C3H8 + 7 O2 2 CO2 + 2 CO + 2 C + 8 H2O + heat Propane + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water butane: C4H10 + 5O2 2CO2 + CO + C+5H2O+ heat Butane + O Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water Name Molecular Formula Molecular Mass Melting Point ( oC ) Boiling Point ( oC ) State ( 25oC, 101.3kPa ) Density ( liquid g cm-3, 20oC ) Flashpoint ( oC ) Enthalpy of Combustion ( kJ mol-1 ) Uses propane C3H8 44 -188 -42.1 gas -2217 constituent of liquefied crude oil gas ( LPG ) , bottled gas ( fuel ) butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5 gas -2874 constituent of liquefied crude oil gas ( LPG ) , coffin nail igniters ( fuel ) . talk about graphs Fuel HHV MJ/kg HHV BTU/lb HHV kJ/mol LHV MJ/kg Propane 50.35 21,700 2,220 46.35 Butane 49.50 20,900 2,877 45.75 Gasoline Petrol is a mixture of a big figure of volatile distinguishable hydrocarbons, derived from crude oil and utilised in internal burning engines, dissolvers for oils and fats. ?†¢ A ; deg ; ch p? µtrl? µum V A ; deg ; ri? µty h amp ; deg ; s A ; deg ; uniqu? µ mix f ml? µcul? µs, which d? µfin? µ its physic A ; deg ; l A ; deg ; nd ch? µmic amp ; deg ; l prp? µrti? µs, lik? µ clr A ; deg ; nd viscsity ( K? µmp 2006 ) . Pentane hexane and octane are the chief hydrocarbons in gasoline. When gasoline is wholly combusted it has a inclination to act like other methane seriess. Complete burning will merely happen if the ratio of air to fuel contains precisely plenty air to wholly fire all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture. Pentane, hexane and octane are wholly burned it will bring forth H2O and C dioxide. Hexane 2C6H14 + 19O2 — – A ; gt ; 14H2O + 12CO2 Pentane C5H12 ( g ) +16 02 ( g ) — – A ; gt ; 5 CO2 ( g ) + 6 H20 ( g ) Octane 2 C8H18 ( cubic decimeter ) + 25 O2 ( g ) 16 CO2 ( g ) + 18 H2O ( g ) However when an improper stoichiometric mixture is present, uncomplete burning occurs. This can bring forth C monoxide, a deathly merchandise. Hexane C6H14 + 5O2 – A ; gt ; CO2 + CO + 4C + 7H2O Pentane Octane 2C8H18 ( g ) + 17O2 ( g ) 16CO ( g ) + 18H2O Name Molecular Formula Molecular Mass Melting Point ( oC ) Boiling Point ( oC ) State ( 25oC, 101.3kPa ) Density ( liquid g cm-3, 20oC ) Flashpoint ( oC ) Enthalpy of Combustion ( kJ mol-1 ) Uses pentane C5H12 72 -130 36.1 liquid 0.626 -49 -3536 constituent of gasoline ( fuel ) hexane C6H14 86 -95.3 68.7 liquid 0.659 -22 -4190 constituent of gasoline ( fuel ) octane C8H18 114 -56.8 126 liquid -5506 major constituent of gasoline ( fuel ) Coal CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Fossil Fuel Emission Levels – Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000 Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208 Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457 Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591 Particulates 7 84 2,744 Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016 Beginning: EIA – Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998 Part 2 In today ‘s society there is a turning concern sing the correlativity between fossil fuels and the annihilating pollution produced in the environment. Fossil fuels are a unrenewable energy beginning, aside from the ecological impacts, the disbursal in excavation and polishing them is get downing to demand notice. One of the largest factors escalading the release of nursery gases is the burning of these fossil fuels. When a fuel that is made up of H and C Burnss wholly, O in the air combines with the H to organize H2O, and combines with the C to organize C dioxide. However when the burning of the hydrocarbon fuel is non complete, some C atoms will merely unite with on O atom instead than two. This forms a extremely toxicant gas called C monoxide. A figure of C atoms will go on to remain conjoined together and besides fall in the H atoms ; this allows the unburned hydrocarbon molecules which are smaller than the original fuel to get away from the vehicles exhaust. Fuel hydrocarbons that have undergone vaporization before come ining the engine accompany the unburned hydrocarbons, finally they react with the N oxide that was produced from earlier burning. This reaction has taken topographic point in the presence of sunshine which forms ozone. Although the ozone bed in the stratosphere Acts of the Apostless as a shield against the suns UV visible radiation, at land degree it is the chief factor behind photochemical smog which is a lung thorn. You read "What Are The Fuels For The Future Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Carbon atoms can go on to remain joined to one another or no H atoms attached, practically in the procedure of uncomplete burning of Diesel fuel, bring forthing carbon black. Air pollution is going a critical issue, smog and carbon black from the unsafe gasses and particulates are non merely increasing human unwellness. Smog and carbon black besides affect the sustainability of harvests, this is done by the pollution being absorbed into the protective bed of the foliages destructing the indispensable cell membranes. This forces the workss to concentrate on internal fix and non to maturate. Energy companies that are firing fossil fuels are one of the largest manufacturers of atmospheric pollution today. The procedure involved in change overing fossil fuels into energy consequences in legion destructive results such as, air pollution, H2O pollution, accretion of solid waste, land debasement and human unwellnesss. Power workss produce electricity by firing coal. Combustion of coal similar to all fossil fuels produce C dioxide, nitrogen oxide and S dioxide. The S dioxide reacts with the O to bring forth sulfur trioxide, this so reacts with H2O bring forthing sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid enters the Earth in the signifier of acerb rain. When the dodo fuels are converted into energy it consequences in the accretion of solid waste. This extra waste has a black impact on the environment. Not merely does this waste demand to be treated but it besides needs sufficient land infinite, every bit good as fiscal support to supervise and dispose of it. This quickly increased the opportunity of toxic overflow which can be deadly ; it could poison land H2O beginnings, affect environing flora, marine life and wildlife. 0rganic sulfur is a important issue in the power industries today ; it is chemically bound to all fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and crude oil. When these fuels are combusted the organic sulfur is released into the air where it reacts with the O to organize sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately this is kept in the ambiance for 100s of old ages. Although it is an unseeable gas, it has inauspicious affects one the quality of the air we breathe. It is besides believed to lend to acid rain, environmental pollution to marine life and woods. Carbon dioxide plays a important function in the addition of planetary heating. The impact affects many countries of the environment. In Antarctica the clime alteration has increased the temperature which could ensue in more rapid ice thaw, this Domino consequence will increase sea degrees and compromises the composing of environing Waterss. The lifting H2O degrees entirely obstruct the class runing from colony, agribusiness and fishing both commercially and recreationally. Fossil fuels need to be delivered to power workss and all sorts of industries daily, this increases the opportunity of oil spills, which would destruct Marine and flora life. Oil rigs and grapevines could leak which besides wipe out wildlife. Coal elimination is believed to be one of the important factors of H2O pollution today. The universe today as we know it has become highly energy greedy, the demands for electricity and fuels are dramatically increasing with the turning population. Equally long as these harmful dodo fuels are still utilized the effects of pollution to our environment will merely acquire worse. An alternate demands to be sought that can run into the required supply which will halt the awful impacts future coevalss will confront. Part B There is more H in gasolene than there is in unstable H. Configuration of H atoms in gasolene is much more infinite maintaining than in stainless liquified H, therefore larger storage containers is needed to shop it. Electrolysis is non by and large the best manner to germinate H. Most of the today ‘s H reaches from natural gasoline as one of the byproducts of crude oil processing. Harmonizing to connected States alternate Fuels Data Center now, H is made using the following two methods. Electrolysis: utilises electric goaded power to divide up H2O compounds into H and O. Using reduced DC electromotive force will conclusion in passing out H on one electrode and O on the other. The electric power can get from electric power output determiners embracing renewable fuels. Connected States Department Of power ( DOE ) has resolved that electrolysis is improbable to go the prevailing method for big sums of H output in the hereafter. The best electrolysis is merely 62 per century efficient. Synthetic gas ( methane ) reformation: Prevailing method of Hydrogen bring forthing is stream restructuring or partial oxidization of natural gas, where other hydrocarbons can be utilised as feedstocks ( for presentation biomass or coal can be gasified and utilised in a vapour restructuring method to gestate H ) . Commercial methane reformation can be about 68 per century efficient. Harmonizing to Stanford University survey of H the first present manner of acquiring H is vapour methane reformation and this will likely remain the most economical manner every bit long as methane ( natural gas ) is accessible cheaply and in big measures. When the cost of methane returns up to more than three times it will be cheaper to do H by dividing up H2O compounds – H2O into H – H2 and oxygen – O2. 2H2O + power  ® 2H2 + O2 this is carried out by electrolysis. Part 3 Ethanol, as in the intoxicant can be altered to be utilized as a fuel for burning engines, this is done by a procedure called agitation. Ethanol is a by-product of sugar and starches, nevertheless in recent research it has been confirmed that it can be produced form hempen substance that are contained in the majority of works affair ( the cellulose and hemicelluloses ) ( kemp 2006 ) . Ethanol is normally used as a blending agent with gasoline to hike the octane degrees ; this besides reduces the C monoxide and other toxic smog that ‘s causes emanations. Glucose is of course created in the works by a procedure called photosynthesis. light + 6CO2 + 12H20 — A ; gt ; C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 C dioxide +water — A ; gt ; glucose + O In the agitation procedure, glucose is decayed into both ethanol and C dioxide. C6H12O6 — A ; gt ; 2C2 H5 0H +2CO2 + Heat During the burning procedure a reaction between ethyl alcohol and O occurs organizing C dioxide. C2 H5 0H+ 30 2 — A ; gt ; 2CO2 + 3 H2 0 + heat The burning procedure is doubled due to two ethyl alcohol molecules are produced for each glucose molecule. By adding all three equations together, it is made evident of the equal Numberss at each type of molecule on either side of the equation. This the concludes the overall reaction of the production and ingestion of ethyl alcohol can be displayed as: Light — A ; gt ; heat How to cite What Are The Fuels For The Future Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

A Streetcar named Desire Essay Example For Students

A Streetcar named Desire Essay Reality is a double-edged sword – we can evade it and face the consequences of doing so, or, we can face it and suffer the consequences of doing so. All too often, reality can be overwhelmingly negative, and with no other means of escape other than to deny the truth of their situation, a person will evade their reality. Death, loss, aging and a past that is best forgotten can often lead a person to falsify their reality. This notion is exemplified in Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire through protagonist Blanche Dubois who, through suffering through the death of her husband and most of her family, lost her cherished childhood home, it ‘on-the-shelf’ and trying to escape a promiscuous past has no option but to escape her reality and present a faux reality to those around her. The unreality of presented by Blanche is one in which she is dainty, pure, beautiful and desirable, a ‘reality’ she aims to perpetuate by hiding from harsh light and omitting details of her history with men to help her create the ‘magic’ of her reality. While Blanche explicitly states; â€Å"I don’t want realism,† through Stanley, Tennessee William’s puts forth the idea to his audience that reality is inescapable, and that the consequences for escaping reality are dire, harsh and cruelly judged by society. Blanche, who escapes her objectively reality is raped and suffers a severe mental collapse, being reduced to talking to imaginary onlookers and admirers, whereas Stanley, a blunt realist suffers no consequences, even getting his desire to be rid of Stella’s sister. By not trying to cope and resolve the difficulties and hardships in a reality, the problems are able to fester and grow, and are exacerbated to far greater, and even epic proportions. During the People’s Republic of China’s ‘Great Leap Forward’ reality became ignored by the people of China and the willing ignorance of Chinese leaders led to millions of deaths. During the Great Leap, grain production figures were falsified and inflated to ridiculous extents (a harvest of 200 million tonnes was reported to be 450 million! ) and those sceptical of the figures were shouted down by Maoist idealists unwilling to acknowledge the reality of China’s situation. Jung Chang – a Chinese historian, remarked â€Å"It was a time when telling fantasies to oneself and believing them was practised to an incredible degree in China. † The reality of China’s situation was severe food shortages, and between 1959 and 1961, 30 million Chinese people died due to famine. Lie’s and fallacies which created a false reality for Colin Sinclair eventually resulted in inescapable consequences for Colin Sinclair. In the article â€Å"I’m an Anzac fake,† Colin Sinclair revealed that he had been lying about his ‘service’ in the Vietnam War. According to Sinclair, one lie just â€Å"grew and grew† until he felt that he had to escape. Sinclair’s lies resulted in stigma and disapproval from both war veterans and wider society, and these consequences were inescapable. By avoiding reality, we render ourselves unable to cope with what cause the need for us to escape in the first place, and even though we are able to temporarily evade reality, the reality we left behind eventually catches up to us. Alternatively, however, there are situations in which escaping reality will yield no greater consequences than dealing with it. When our lifestyle is threatened, to preserve it, we lit, and may even ignore reality. Griffin Mill from the film The Player was in danger of having his lifestyle robbed from him for his murder of David Kahane. Rather than confessing to police his guilt surrounding the murder of Kahane, Mill instead hides the reality to prevent his utter social destruction. Murderers and Their Victims EssayShe has always heard the music, but then she hears it distorted, showing how she is seeing things in her mind. Then the music stops, which shows Blanches last connection with sanity broken. Another way that Williams dramatises Blanches final demise into madness is the way she dresses. She always dresses really well and in light colours. When she is first seen in the beginning of scene I, she is described to dress; As if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district. However, although they appear to be expensive, they arent. For example, her diamond tiara is actually rhinestone. How she dresses represents how she is. She tries really hard to always make sure she is clean and dressed nicely, so that she appears clean and nice. She bathes a lot of the time so she feels clean. In scene V she accidentally gets coke on her dress, and she screams, but calms down once she realises it is not stained. Stella asks her; Blanche, why did you scream like that? Blanche doesnt give her an answer. This shows that she doesnt really know, or doesnt want to think about it. She also dresses mostly in light colours and white, which represents virginity, where she is trying to forget her past as a prostitute. In the beginning of scene I, the description of her is; looking as if she were arriving at a summer tea or a cocktail party in the garden district. This shows that this is where she would like to be going, and how she would like to be seen. In scene X, at the beginning of the scene, she is dressed in a crumpled and stained white dress and scuffed shoes; she has decked herself out in a somewhat soiled and crumpled white satin evening gown and a pair of scuffed silver slippers. This is where she is starting to show her true self, and she is not trying so hard to pretend that she is rich and innocent anymore. This is after Stanley has given her tickets back to Laurel, which she cant do, and after Mitch said he doesnt want to be with her anymore. Everyone knows about her past, so she is no longer trying to conceal it. She doesnt see a future for herself, as she can no longer marry Mitch and Stanley is forcing her out. In scene XI, she is wearing clean clothes again and dressing nicely, as she thinks that she id going away with Shep Huntleigh, although it is all in her mind and she is actually going to a Mental Institute. This shows that she is trying again to make herself look nice to deceive this man. Another way Williams dramatises Blanches final demise into madness is by the way she acts. At the beginning of scene IX she is sitting in a tense, hunched position, and she is drinking liquor. This shows she is trying to escape what has happened; Mitch did not show up at her birthday party, and Stanley gave her a bus ticket back to Laurel. When Mitch arrives, he is drunk, unshaven and rude to her, but she just ignores it. As Mitch says; I wasnt going to see you any more, she says that she cant hear him. This shows that she is just trying to escape reality. She always avoids harsh light, as she doesnt like people knowing how old she is. When Mitch firsts asks her, she manages to change the subject, and she only goes out with him when it is dark. Once he tears the paper lantern off of the light bulb, she cries out. This is because she cannot hide how she looks anymore. She has always been sensitive about her age and how she looks, like when she only lets Mitch see her after dark in dimly-lighted place. The lantern represents her fragile shell of normality and beauty hiding her interior which she doesnt want anyone else to see.